Adhesive bonding is one of the most common joining technology available. you can easily purchase a cyanoarylate (commonly known as super glue) from a stationery shop to glue your broken mug with a couple of dollars. It is easy to used, and it serves well in most condition. There are still many types of adhesive if this isn't suitable for you, such as epoxy, anaerobic, etc...
Lets first have a look at epoxy, which usually consists of epoxy resin + hardener. It is easy to use, simply mix the resin with the hardener together so that the end parts of the adhesive (diepoxy and diaming) are joined, and apply them on adherents. It wouldn't take long to polymerise, so you have to act fast before they cure, or simply make everything ready before you mix them togethher. However you may find that it is very hard to remove the adhesive from the substrates once it cured, so always act wisely and carefully.
The next one, anaerobic, which means 'no oxygen or lack of oxygen'. So the polymerisation basically happens when there is little or no oxygen at the surrounding. Apply the adhesive on the adherent, but the adhesive will remain as it is when there is oxygen around. But once there is a lack of oxygen, the process initiates and it happens just within a flash of seconds. So this process is usually used for thin closed gaps.
Super glue is a type of adhesive which cure very fast as well. The water vapours in the surround atmosphere act as initiator to begin the process. It is suitable for wide range of material, but it is flammable under high temperature so you can see the burning cautions at the rear of a superglue tube. One common point for these adhesives is that they formed thermoset instead of thermoplastic in the curing process.
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